Microcontroller Intruduction doc/pdf download

Microcontroller

    A microcontroller is a small, low-cost and self contained computer-on-a-chip that can be used as an embedded system. A few microcontrollers may utilize four-bit expressions and work at clock rate frequencies, which usually include:

·         An 8 or 16 bit microprocessor.

·         A little measure of RAM.

·         Programmable ROM and flash memory.

·         Parallel and serial I/O.

·         Timers and signal generators

·         Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog conversion

Microcontrollers usually must have low-power requirements since many devices they control are battery-operated. Microcontrollers are used in many consumer electronics, car engines, computer peripherals and test or measurement equipment. And these are well suited for long lasting battery applications. The dominant part of microcontrollers being used now a days are implanted in other apparatus.

How are Microcontrollers Classified?

The microcontrollers are characterized regarding bus-width, instruction set, and memory structure. For the same family, there may be different forms with different sources. This article is going to describe some of the basic types of the Microcontroller that newer users may not know about.

The types of microcontroller is shown in figure, they are characterized by their bits, memory architecture, memory/devices and instruction set. Let’s discuss briefly about it.

Classification According to Number of Bits

The bits in microcontroller are 8-bits, 16-bits and 32-bits microcontroller.

In 8-bit microcontroller, the point when the internal bus is 8-bit then the ALU is performs the arithmetic and logic operations. The examples of 8-bit microcontrollers are Intel 8031/8051, PIC1x and Motorola MC68HC11 families.

The 16-bit microcontroller performs greater precision and performance as compared to 8-bit. For example 8 bit microcontrollers can only use 8 bits, resulting in a final range of 0×00 – 0xFF (0-255) for every cycle. In contrast, 16 bit microcontrollers with its 16 bit data width has a range of 0×0000 – 0xFFFF (0-65535) for every cycle. A longer timer most extreme worth can likely prove to be useful in certain applications and circuits. It can automatically operate on two 16 bit numbers. Some examples of 16-bit microcontroller are 16-bit MCUs are extended 8051XA, PIC2x, Intel 8096 and Motorola MC68HC12 families.

The 32-bit microcontroller uses the 32-bit instructions to perform the arithmetic and logic operations. These are used in automatically controlled devices including implantable medical devices, engine control systems, office machines, appliances and other types of embedded systems. Some examples are Intel/Atmel 251 family, PIC3x.

Classification According to Memory Devices

The memory devices are divided into two types, they are

·         Embedded memory microcontroller

·         External memory microcontroller

Embedded memory microcontroller: When an embedded system has a microcontroller unit that has all the functional blocks available on a chip is called an embedded microcontroller. For example, 8051 having program & data memory, I/O ports, serial communication, counters and timers and interrupts on the chip is an embedded microcontroller.

External Memory Microcontroller: When an embedded system has a microcontroller unit that has not all the functional blocks available on a chip is called an external memory microcontroller. For example, 8031 has no program memory on the chip is an external memory microcontroller.

Classification According to Instruction Set

CISC: CISC is a Complex Instruction Set Computer. It allows the programmer to use one instruction in place of many simpler instructions.

RISC: The RISC is stands for Reduced Instruction set Computer, this type of instruction sets reduces the design of microprocessor for industry standards. It allows each instruction to operate on any register or use any addressing mode and simultaneous access of program and data.

Example for CISC and RISC:

CISC:	Mov AX, 4	RISC:		Mov AX, 0
	Mov BX, 2			Mov BX, 4
	ADD BX, AX			Mov CX, 2
			Begin	ADD AX, BX
			Loop	Begin

Classification According to Memory Architecture

Memory architecture of microcontroller are two types, they are namely:

·         Harvard memory architecture microcontroller

·         Princeton memory architecture microcontroller

Harvard Memory Architecture Microcontroller: The point when a microcontroller unit has a dissimilar memory address space for the program and data memory, the microcontroller has Harvard memory architecture in the processor.

Princeton Memory Architecture Microcontroller: The point when a microcontroller has a common memory address for the program memory and data memory, the microcontroller has Princeton memory architecture in the processor.

5 Applications of Microcontrollers

Microcontroller has many applications electronic equipment’s

·         Mobile Phones

·         Auto Mobiles

·         Washing Machines

·         Cameras

·         Security Alarms

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